详解在Ubuntu上的Apache配置SSL(https证书)的正确姿势

首先看一下阿里云官方的教程：

文件说明：

1. 证书文件xxxxxx.pem，包含两段内容，请不要删除任何一段内容。

2. 如果是证书系统创建的CSR，还包含：证书私钥文件xxxxxxxx.key、证书公钥文件public.pem、证书链文件chain.pem。

( 1 ) 在Apache的安装目录下创建cert目录，并且将下载的全部文件拷贝到cert目录中。如果申请证书时是自己创建的CSR文件，请将对应的私钥文件放到cert目录下并且命名为xxxxxxxx.key；

( 2 ) 打开 apache 安装目录下 conf 目录中的 httpd.conf 文件，找到以下内容并去掉“#”：

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									#LoadModule ssl_module modules/mod_ssl.so (如果找不到请确认是否编译过 openssl 插件)

									#Include conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf

( 3 ) 打开 apache 安装目录下 conf/extra/httpd-ssl.conf 文件 (也可能是conf.d/ssl.conf，与操作系统及安装方式有关)，在配置文件中查找以下配置语句:

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									# 添加 SSL 协议支持协议，去掉不安全的协议

									SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3

									# 修改加密套件如下

									SSLCipherSuite HIGH:!RC4:!MD5:!aNULL:!eNULL:!NULL:!DH:!EDH:!EXP:+MEDIUM

									SSLHonorCipherOrder on

									# 证书公钥配置

									SSLCertificateFile cert/public.pem

									# 证书私钥配置

									SSLCertificateKeyFile cert/xxxxxxx.key

									# 证书链配置，如果该属性开头有 '#'字符，请删除掉

									SSLCertificateChainFile cert/chain.pem

( 4 ) 重启 Apache。

( 5 ) 通过 https 方式访问您的站点,测试站点证书的安装配置，如遇到证书不信任问题，请查看帮助视频。

然而这只能参考。在Ubuntu下面，我是用apt安装的Apache，但是它没有httpd.conf，只有一个apache2.conf，好吧，其实这个文件和httpd.conf差不多，它里面是这样注释的：

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									# It is split into several files forming the configuration hierarchy outlined

									# below, all located in the /etc/apache2/ directory:

									#

									# /etc/apache2/

									# |-- apache2.conf

									# | `-- ports.conf

									# |-- mods-enabled

									# | |-- *.load

									# | `-- *.conf

									# |-- conf-enabled

									# | `-- *.conf

									# `-- sites-enabled

									# `-- *.conf

									#

这个版本的Apache把配置文件分散到了其他小文件中，结构就是上面那样子的。你要是愿意的话，也可以自己写一个httpd.conf然后include进去。

重点讲一下https的配置，第一步，你要保证你外部环境的443端口是打开的。

第二步确保你安装了ssl_module。没有就apt-get install openssl ，可能还需要一些依赖，但是都是小问题。

然后打开ports.conf，以下几句是不可少的：

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									<IfModule ssl_module>

									 Listen 443

									</IfModule>

									<IfModule mod_gnutls.c>

									 Listen 443

									</IfModule>

接着打开mods-available，找到ssl.conf和ssl.load

ssl.load长这样：

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									# Depends: setenvif mime socache_shmcb

									LoadModule ssl_module /usr/lib/apache2/modules/mod_ssl.so

									ssl.conf长这样：

									<IfModule mod_ssl.c>

									 # Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG):

									 # Configure one or more sources to seed the PRNG of the SSL library.

									 # The seed data should be of good random quality.

									 # WARNING! On some platforms /dev/random blocks if not enough entropy

									 # is available. This means you then cannot use the /dev/random device

									 # because it would lead to very long connection times (as long as

									 # it requires to make more entropy available). But usually those

									 # platforms additionally provide a /dev/urandom device which doesn't

									 # block. So, if available, use this one instead. Read the mod_ssl User

									 # Manual for more details.

									 #

									 SSLRandomSeed startup builtin

									 SSLRandomSeed startup file:/dev/urandom 512

									 SSLRandomSeed connect builtin

									 SSLRandomSeed connect file:/dev/urandom 512

									 ##

									 ## SSL Global Context

									 ##

									 ## All SSL configuration in this context applies both to

									 ## the main server and all SSL-enabled virtual hosts.

									 ##

									 #

									 # Some MIME-types for downloading Certificates and CRLs

									 #

									 AddType application/x-x509-ca-cert .crt

									 AddType application/x-pkcs7-crl .crl

									 # Pass Phrase Dialog:

									 # Configure the pass phrase gathering process.

									 # The filtering dialog program (`builtin' is a internal

									 # terminal dialog) has to provide the pass phrase on stdout.

									 SSLPassPhraseDialog exec:/usr/share/apache2/ask-for-passphrase

									 # Inter-Process Session Cache:

									 # Configure the SSL Session Cache: First the mechanism 

									 # to use and second the expiring timeout (in seconds).

									 # (The mechanism dbm has known memory leaks and should not be used).

									 #SSLSessionCache dbm:${APACHE_RUN_DIR}/ssl_scache

									 SSLSessionCache shmcb:${APACHE_RUN_DIR}/ssl_scache(512000)

									 SSLSessionCacheTimeout 300

									 # Semaphore:

									 # Configure the path to the mutual exclusion semaphore the

									 # SSL engine uses internally for inter-process synchronization. 

									 # (Disabled by default, the global Mutex directive consolidates by default

									 # this)

									 #Mutex file:${APACHE_LOCK_DIR}/ssl_mutex ssl-cache

									 # SSL Cipher Suite:

									 # List the ciphers that the client is permitted to negotiate. See the

									 # ciphers(1) man page from the openssl package for list of all available

									 # options.

									 # Enable only secure ciphers:

									 SSLCipherSuite HIGH:!RC4:!MD5:!aNULL:!eNULL:!NULL:!DH:!EDH:!EXP:+MEDIUM

									 # SSL server cipher order preference:

									 # Use server priorities for cipher algorithm choice.

									 # Clients may prefer lower grade encryption. You should enable this

									 # option if you want to enforce stronger encryption, and can afford

									 # the CPU cost, and did not override SSLCipherSuite in a way that puts

									 # insecure ciphers first.

									 # Default: Off

									 SSLHonorCipherOrder on

									 # The protocols to enable.

									 # Available values: all, SSLv3, TLSv1, TLSv1.1, TLSv1.2

									 # SSL v2 is no longer supported

									 SSLProtocol all -SSLv2 -SSLv3

									 # Allow insecure renegotiation with clients which do not yet support the

									 # secure renegotiation protocol. Default: Off

									 #SSLInsecureRenegotiation on

									 # Whether to forbid non-SNI clients to access name based virtual hosts.

									 # Default: Off

									 #SSLStrictSNIVHostCheck On

									</IfModule>

									# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet

之后就是站点的配置了，这里使用默认的default-ssl.conf：

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									<IfModule mod_ssl.c>

									 <VirtualHost _default_:443>

									 ServerName 

									 ################加入你自己的站点配置##########

									 # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn,

									 # error, crit, alert, emerg.

									 # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular

									 # modules, e.g.

									 #LogLevel info ssl:warn

									 ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log

									 CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined

									 # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are

									 # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to

									 # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the

									 # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only

									 # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf".

									 #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf

									 # SSL Engine Switch:

									 # Enable/Disable SSL for this virtual host.

									 SSLEngine on

									 # A self-signed (snakeoil) certificate can be created by installing

									 # the ssl-cert package. See

									 # /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz for more info.

									 # If both key and certificate are stored in the same file, only the

									 # SSLCertificateFile directive is needed.

									 SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/cert/public.pem

									 SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/cert/xxxxxxx.key

									 # Server Certificate Chain:

									 # Point SSLCertificateChainFile at a file containing the

									 # concatenation of PEM encoded CA certificates which form the

									 # certificate chain for the server certificate. Alternatively

									 # the referenced file can be the same as SSLCertificateFile

									 # when the CA certificates are directly appended to the server

									 # certificate for convinience.

									 SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/apache2/cert/chain.pem

									 # Certificate Authority (CA):

									 # Set the CA certificate verification path where to find CA

									 # certificates for client authentication or alternatively one

									 # huge file containing all of them (file must be PEM encoded)

									 # Note: Inside SSLCACertificatePath you need hash symlinks

									 # to point to the certificate files. Use the provided

									 # Makefile to update the hash symlinks after changes.

									 #SSLCACertificatePath /etc/ssl/certs/

									 #SSLCACertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crt/ca-bundle.crt

									 # Certificate Revocation Lists (CRL):

									 # Set the CA revocation path where to find CA CRLs for client

									 # authentication or alternatively one huge file containing all

									 # of them (file must be PEM encoded)

									 # Note: Inside SSLCARevocationPath you need hash symlinks

									 # to point to the certificate files. Use the provided

									 # Makefile to update the hash symlinks after changes.

									 #SSLCARevocationPath /etc/apache2/ssl.crl/

									 #SSLCARevocationFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crl/ca-bundle.crl

									 # Client Authentication (Type):

									 # Client certificate verification type and depth. Types are

									 # none, optional, require and optional_no_ca. Depth is a

									 # number which specifies how deeply to verify the certificate

									 # issuer chain before deciding the certificate is not valid.

									 #SSLVerifyClient require

									 #SSLVerifyDepth 10

									 # SSL Engine Options:

									 # Set various options for the SSL engine.

									 # o FakeBasicAuth:

									 # Translate the client X.509 into a Basic Authorisation. This means that

									 # the standard Auth/DBMAuth methods can be used for access control. The

									 # user name is the `one line' version of the client's X.509 certificate.

									 # Note that no password is obtained from the user. Every entry in the user

									 # file needs this password: `xxj31ZMTZzkVA'.

									 # o ExportCertData:

									 # This exports two additional environment variables: SSL_CLIENT_CERT and

									 # SSL_SERVER_CERT. These contain the PEM-encoded certificates of the

									 # server (always existing) and the client (only existing when client

									 # authentication is used). This can be used to import the certificates

									 # into CGI scripts.

									 # o StdEnvVars:

									 # This exports the standard SSL/TLS related `SSL_*' environment variables.

									 # Per default this exportation is switched off for performance reasons,

									 # because the extraction step is an expensive operation and is usually

									 # useless for serving static content. So one usually enables the

									 # exportation for CGI and SSI requests only.

									 # o OptRenegotiate:

									 # This enables optimized SSL connection renegotiation handling when SSL

									 # directives are used in per-directory context.

									 #SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +ExportCertData +StrictRequire

									 <FilesMatch "\.(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$">

									 SSLOptions +StdEnvVars

									 </FilesMatch>

									 <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin>

									 SSLOptions +StdEnvVars

									 </Directory>

									 # SSL Protocol Adjustments:

									 # The safe and default but still SSL/TLS standard compliant shutdown

									 # approach is that mod_ssl sends the close notify alert but doesn't wait for

									 # the close notify alert from client. When you need a different shutdown

									 # approach you can use one of the following variables:

									 # o ssl-unclean-shutdown:

									 # This forces an unclean shutdown when the connection is closed, i.e. no

									 # SSL close notify alert is send or allowed to received. This violates

									 # the SSL/TLS standard but is needed for some brain-dead browsers. Use

									 # this when you receive I/O errors because of the standard approach where

									 # mod_ssl sends the close notify alert.

									 # o ssl-accurate-shutdown:

									 # This forces an accurate shutdown when the connection is closed, i.e. a

									 # SSL close notify alert is send and mod_ssl waits for the close notify

									 # alert of the client. This is 100% SSL/TLS standard compliant, but in

									 # practice often causes hanging connections with brain-dead browsers. Use

									 # this only for browsers where you know that their SSL implementation

									 # works correctly.

									 # Notice: Most problems of broken clients are also related to the HTTP

									 # keep-alive facility, so you usually additionally want to disable

									 # keep-alive for those clients, too. Use variable "nokeepalive" for this.

									 # Similarly, one has to force some clients to use HTTP/1.0 to workaround

									 # their broken HTTP/1.1 implementation. Use variables "downgrade-1.0" and

									 # "force-response-1.0" for this.

									 # BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-6]" \

									 # nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \

									 # downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0

									 </VirtualHost>

									</IfModule>

									# vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet